When the stinger comes out, it’s basically the whole back end of the bee. It’s kind of fiendish: the venom sack and a little muscle are in the very end of their butt. The stinger has a barb, so when they stick it in you, and you brush them off, the whole assembly rips off the bee and the muscle keeps pumping the venom into you. The bee dies.
So it’s very obvious if the stinger came off.
For sure could be. They don’t leave their stingers, they hurt like hell, and they’re complete assholes.